He liked to play with miniatures of mills and other machines. Huygens was educated at home until turning sixteen years old. His friends included Galileo Galilei, Marin Mersenne and René Descartes. Ĭonstantijn Huygens was a diplomat and advisor to the House of Orange, and also a poet and musician. The couple had five children: Constantijn (1628), Christiaan (1629), Lodewijk (1631), Philips (1632) and Suzanna (1637). She died in 1637, shortly after the birth of Huygens' sister. Christiaan was named after his paternal grandfather. Edelinck, between 16.Ĭhristiaan Huygens was born on 14 April 1629 in The Hague, into a rich and influential Dutch family, the second son of Constantijn Huygens. Cut from the engraving following the painting of Caspar Netscher by G. The modern concept of probability grew out of the use of expectation values by Huygens and Blaise Pascal (who encouraged him to write the work).Ĭhristiaan Huygens. The work is a systematic treatise on probability and deals with games of chance and in particular the problem of points. Frans van Schooten, who was the private tutor of Huygens, translated the work as De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ('On Reasoning in Games of Chance'). He eventually developed in 1662 what is now called the Huygenian eyepiece, a telescope with two lenses, which diminished the amount of dispersion.Īs a mathematician, Huygens developed the theory of evolutes and was a pioneer on probability, writing his first treatise on probability theory in 1657 entitled Van Rekeningh in Spelen van Gluck. He designed a 50-power refracting telescope with which he discovered that the ring of Saturn was 'a thin, flat ring, nowhere touching, and inclined to the ecliptic.' It was with this telescope that he also discovered the first of Saturn's moons, Titan. In 1655, Huygens began grinding lenses with his brother Constantijn in order to build telescopes to conduct astronomical research. While the first part of the book contains descriptions of clock designs, most of the book is an analysis of pendulum motion and a theory of curves. In addition to this invention, his research in horology resulted in an extensive analysis of the pendulum in his 1673 book Horologium Oscillatorium, which is regarded as one of the most important 17th-century works in mechanics. Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1656, which he patented the following year.

Today this principle is known as the Huygens–Fresnel principle. His theory was initially rejected in favor of Isaac Newton's corpuscular theory of light, until Augustin-Jean Fresnel adopted Huygens' principle in 1818 and showed that it could explain the rectilinear propagation and diffraction effects of light.

In the field of optics, he is best known for his wave theory of light, which he proposed in 1678 and described in 1690 in his Treatise on Light, which is regarded as the first mathematical theory of light. Huygens was also the first to identify the correct laws of elastic collision in his work De motu corporum ex percussione, but his findings were not published until 1703, after his death. The formulae played a central role in classical mechanics. In 1659, Huygens was the first to derive geometrically the now standard formulae for the centripetal force and centrifugal force in his work De vi centrifuga. Huygens was an outstanding mathematician and, because he was the first to transfer mathematical inquiry to describe unobservable physical phenomena, he has been called the first theoretical physicist and the founder of modern mathematical physics. His most famous invention, however, was the pendulum clock in 1656, which was a breakthrough in timekeeping and became the most accurate timekeeper for almost 300 years. As an inventor, he improved the design of the telescope with the invention of the Huygenian eyepiece. In physics, Huygens made groundbreaking contributions in optics and mechanics, while as an astronomer he is chiefly known for his studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan. Christiaan Huygens FRS ( / ˈ h aɪ ɡ ən z/ HY-gənz, also US: / ˈ h ɔɪ ɡ ən z/ HOY-gənz, Dutch: ( listen) Latin: Hugenius 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695), also spelled Huyghens, was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.

De circuli magnitudine inventa lens